Transparent conductive oxides

ABSTRACT

A method of deposition of a transparent conductive film from a metallic target is presented. A method of forming a transparent conductive oxide film according to embodiments of the present invention include depositing the transparent conductive oxide film in a pulsed DC reactive ion process with substrate bias, and controlling at least one process parameter to affect at least one characteristic of the conductive oxide film. The resulting transparent oxide film, which in some embodiments can be an indium-tin oxide film, can exhibit a wide range of material properties depending on variations in process parameters. For example, varying the process parameters can result in a film with a wide range of resistive properties and surface smoothness of the film.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 60/473,379, “Transparent Conductive Oxides from a Metallic Target,” by R. Ernest Demaray and Mukundan Narasimhan, filed on May 23, 2003, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is related to deposition of oxides on a substrate and, in particular, deposition of transparent conductive oxides.

2. Discussion of Related Art

Transparent conductive oxides have a wide variety of uses, including applications to solar cells, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), electric field devices, current devices (i.e. touch screens), energy efficient windows, conductive anti-reflective devices, electromagnetic interference shields, heaters, transparent electrodes, coatings for cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, to name only a few. Another important application is for touch sensitive MEMS devices, such as those used, for example, in fingerprint sensors and such. In many cases, the electrical properties of the conducting film is of great importance.

Specifically, for OLED applications, films deposited with current technologies are generally rough, resulting in stress risers and field concentration issues, that can cause leakage. Further, asperities in the resulting film can induce lifetime dependent defects in nearest neighbor films that can shorten device lifetimes. Additionally, the brightness of the emergent light from the OLED can be reduced.

Transparent conductive oxides have been deposited from ceramic targets by RF magnetron sputtering. However, the surface of properties of the resulting films often include nodules or asperites which can cause arcing, defects, surface roughness, and other deleterious effects in the resulting film. Additionally, ceramic targets tend to be more expensive to produce than metallic targets.

Previous attempts at deposition of transparent conductive oxides, for example indium tin oxide (ITO), with metallic targets have presented numerous problems, including small process windows, problems in process controllability, a disappearing anode effect, and particle deposition on the film. Such attempts have been abandoned. Deposition with ceramic targets has also been difficult, including problems with particles, nodule formation, and arching during deposition. In both cases, film smoothness has presented major difficulties. Additionally, control of film parameters such as, for example, resistivity and transparency has been difficult.

Therefore, there is need for cost effective deposition of smoother layers of transparent conductive oxides with greater control over layer properties such as resistivity and transparency.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the present invention, a method of depositing of a transparent conductive film from a metallic target is presented. A method of forming a transparent conductive oxide film according to embodiments of the present invention includes depositing the transparent conductive oxide film in a pulsed DC reactive ion process with substrate bias, and controlling at least one process parameter to provide at least one characteristic of the conductive oxide film at a particular value.

A method of depositing a transparent conductive oxide film on a substrate according to some embodiments of the invention, then, includes placing the substrate in a reaction chamber, adjusting power to a pulsed DC power supply coupled to a target in the reaction chamber, adjusting an RF bias power coupled to the substrate, adjusting gas flow into the reaction chamber, and providing a magnetic field at the target in order to direct deposition of the transparent conductive oxide film on the substrate in a pulsed-dc biased reactive-ion deposition process, wherein the transparent conductive oxide film has a particular characteristic.

The resulting transparent oxide film, which can be deposited according to some embodiments of the present invention, can be an indium-tin oxide (ITO) film. An ITO film can have a wide range of material properties depending on variations in process parameters. For example, varying the process parameters according to some embodiments of the present invention can result in a wide range of resistive properties and surface smoothness of the film.

These and other embodiments of the invention are further discussed below with reference to the following figures.

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a pulsed-DC biased reactive ion deposition apparatus that can be utilized in the methods of depositing according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a target that can be utilized in the reactor illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B

FIG. 3A shows an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) image of an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) process according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3B shows an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) image of another ITO process deposited using a process according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows the variation of bulk resistivity of an ITO layer according to some embodiments of the present invention as a function of the oxygen flow for two different target powers before and after a 250° C. anneal in vacuum.

FIG. 5 shows the variation of the sheet resistance of an ITO layer according to some embodiments of the present invention as a function of the oxygen flow used for two different target powers before and after a 250° C. anneal in vacuum.

FIG. 6 shows the target current and voltage (min and max) as a function of oxygen flow.

FIG. 7 shows the thickness change in layers of ITO according to embodiments of the present invention as a function of oxygen flow.

FIG. 8 illustrates the relationship between oxygen flow and oxygen partial pressure for a metallic target.

FIGS. 9A-9D illustrate the smoothness of transparent conductive oxides deposited with ceramic targets according to the present invention.

In the figures, elements having the same designation have the same or similar function.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Deposition of materials by pulsed-DC biased reactive ion deposition is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/101,863, entitled “Biased Pulse DC Reactive Sputtering of Oxide Films,” to Hongmei Zhang, et al., filed on Mar. 16, 2002. Preparation of targets is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/101,341, entitled “Rare-Earth Pre-Alloyed PVD Targets for Dielectric Planar Applications,” to Vassiliki Milonopoulou, et al., filed on Mar. 16, 2002. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/101,863 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/101,341 are each assigned to the same assignee as is the present disclosure and each is incorporated herein in their entirety. Deposition of oxide materials has also been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,289, which is also herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Transparent oxide films are deposited utilizing processes similar to those specifically described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,289 and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/101,863.

FIG. 1A shows a schematic of a reactor apparatus 10 for sputtering material from a target 12 according to the present invention. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 may, for example, be adapted from an AKT-1600 PVD (400×500 mm substrate size) system from Applied Komatsu or an AKT-4300 (600×720 mm substrate size) system from Applied Komatsu, Santa Clara, Calif. The AKT-1600 reactor, for example, has three deposition chambers connected by a vacuum transport chamber. These Komatsu reactors can be modified such that pulsed DC power is supplied to the target and RF power is supplied to the substrate during deposition of a material film.

Apparatus 10 includes target 12 which is electrically coupled through a filter 15 to a pulsed DC power supply 14. In some embodiments, target 12 is a wide area sputter source target, which provides material to be deposited on a substrate 16. Substrate 16 is positioned parallel to and opposite target 12. Target 12 functions as a cathode when power is applied to it and is equivalently termed a cathode. Application of power to target 12 creates a plasma 53. Substrate 16 is capacitively coupled to an electrode 17 through an insulator 54. Electrode 17 can be coupled to an RF power supply 18. A magnet 20 is scanned across the top of target 12.

For pulsed reactive dc magnetron sputtering, as performed by apparatus 10, the polarity of the power supplied to target 12 by power supply 14 oscillates between negative and positive potentials. During the positive period, the insulating layer on the surface of target 12 is discharged and arcing is prevented. To obtain arc free deposition, the pulsing frequency exceeds a critical frequency that can depend on target material, cathode current and reverse time. High quality oxide films can be made using reactive pulse DC magnetron sputtering as shown in apparatus 10.

Pulsed DC power supply 14 can be any pulsed DC power supply, for example an AE Pinnacle plus 10K by Advanced Energy, Inc. With this DC power supply, up to 10 kW of pulsed DC power can be supplied at a frequency of between 0 and 350 KHz. The reverse voltage can be 10% of the negative target voltage. Utilization of other power supplies can lead to different power characteristics, frequency characteristics and reverse voltage percentages. The reverse time on this embodiment of power supply 14 can be adjusted between 0 and 5 μs.

Filter 15 prevents the bias power from power supply 18 from coupling into pulsed DC power supply 14. In some embodiments, power supply 18 can be a 2 MHz RF power supply, for example a Nova-25 power supply made by ENI, Colorado Springs, Colo.

In some embodiments, filter 15 can be a 2 MHz sinusoidal band rejection filter. In some embodiments, the band width of the filter can be approximately 100 kHz. Filter 15, therefore, prevents the 2 MHz power from the bias to substrate 16 from damaging power supply 18.

However, both RF and pulsed DC deposited films are not fully dense and may have columnar structures. Columnar structures can be detrimental to thin film applications. By applying a RF bias on wafer 16 during deposition, the deposited film can be densified by energetic ion bombardment and the columnar structure can be substantially eliminated.

In the AKT-1600 based system, for example, target 12 can have an active size of about 675.70×582.48 by 4 mm in order to deposit films on substrate 16 that have dimension about 400×500 mm. The temperature of substrate 16 can be held at between −50° C. and 500° C. The distance between target 12 and substrate 16 can be between about 3 and about 9 cm. Process gas can be inserted into the chamber of apparatus 10 at a rate up to about 200 sccm while the pressure in the chamber of apparatus 10 can be held at between about 0.7 and 6 millitorr. Magnet 20 provides a magnetic field of strength between about 400 and about 600 Gauss directed in the plane of target 12 and is moved across target 12 at a rate of less than about 20-30 sec/scan. In some embodiments utilizing the AKT 1600 reactor, magnet 20 can be a race-track shaped magnet with dimensions about 150 mm by 600 mm.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of target 12. A film deposited on a substrate positioned on carrier sheet 17 directly opposed to region 52 of target 12 has good thickness uniformity. Region 52 is the region shown in FIG. 1B that is exposed to a uniform plasma condition. In some implementations, carrier 17 can be coextensive with region 52. Region 24 shown in FIG. 2 indicates the area below which both physically and chemically uniform deposition can be achieved, for example where physical and chemical uniformity provide refractive index uniformity. FIG. 2 indicates region 52 of target 12 that provides thickness uniformity is, in general, larger than region 24 of target 12 providing thickness and chemical uniformity. In optimized processes, however, regions 52 and 24 may be coextensive.

In some embodiments, magnet 20 extends beyond area 52 in one direction, for example the Y direction in FIG. 2, so that scanning is necessary in only one direction, for example the X direction, to provide a time averaged uniform magnetic field. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, magnet 20 can be scanned over the entire extent of target 12, which is larger than region 52 of uniform sputter erosion. Magnet 20 is moved in a plane parallel to the plane of target 12.

The combination of a uniform target 12 with a target area 52 larger than the area of substrate 16 can provide films of highly uniform thickness. Further, the material properties of the film deposited can be highly uniform. The conditions of sputtering at the target surface, such as the uniformity of erosion, the average temperature of the plasma at the target surface and the equilibration of the target surface with the gas phase ambient of the process are uniform over a region which is greater than or equal to the region to be coated with a uniform film thickness. In addition, the region of uniform film thickness is greater than or equal to the region of the film which is to have highly uniform optical properties such as index of refraction, density, transmission or absorptivity.

Target 12 can be formed of any materials. Typically metallic materials, for example, include combinations of In and Sn. Therefore, in some embodiments, target 12 includes a metallic target material formed from intermetallic compounds of optical elements such as Si, Al, Er and Yb. Additionally, target 12 can be formed, for example, from materials such as La, Yt, Ag, Au, and Eu. To form optically active films on substrate 16, target 12 can include rare-earth ions. In some embodiments of target 12 with rare earth ions, the rare earth ions can be pre-alloyed with the metallic host components to form intermetallics. See U.S. application Ser. No. 10/101,341. Typical ceramic target materials include alumina, silica, alumina silicates, and other such materials.

In some embodiments of the invention, material tiles are formed. These tiles can be mounted on a backing plate to form a target for apparatus 10. A wide area sputter cathode target can be formed from a close packed array of smaller tiles. Target 12, therefore, may include any number of tiles, for example between 2 to 20 individual tiles. Tiles can be finished to a size so as to provide a margin of non-contact, tile to tile, less than about 0.010″ to about 0.020″ or less than half a millimeter so as to eliminate plasma processes that may occur between adjacent ones of tiles 30. The distance between tiles of target 12 and the dark space anode or ground shield 19 in FIG. 1B can be somewhat larger so as to provide non contact assembly or to provide for thermal expansion tolerance during process chamber conditioning or operation.

As shown in FIG. 1B, a uniform plasma condition can be created in the region between target 12 and substrate 16 in a region overlying substrate 16. A plasma 53 can be created in region 51, which extends under the entire target 12. A central region 52 of target 12 can experience a condition of uniform sputter erosion. As discussed further below, a layer deposited on a substrate placed anywhere below central region 52 can then be uniform in thickness and other properties (i.e., dielectric, optical index, or material concentrations). In addition, region 52 in which deposition provides uniformity of deposited film can be larger than the area in which the deposition provides a film with uniform physical or optical properties such as chemical composition or index of refraction. In some embodiments, target 12 is substantially planar in order to provide uniformity in the film deposited on substrate 16. In practice, planarity of target 12 can mean that all portions of the target surface in region 52 are within a few millimeters of a planar surface, and can be typically within 0.5 mm of a planar surface.

Reactive gases that provide a constant supply of ionic oxygen to keep the target surface oxidized can be provided to expand the process window. Some examples of the gases that can be utilized for controlling surface oxidation are CO₂, water vapor, hydrogen, N₂O, fluorine, helium, and cesium. Additionally, a feedback control system can be incorporated to control the oxygen partial pressure in the reactive chamber. Therefore, a wide range of oxygen flow rates can be controlled to keep a steady oxygen partial pressure in the resulting plasma. Other types of control systems such as target voltage control and optical plasma emission control systems can also be utilized to control the surface oxidation of the target. As shown in FIG. 1A, power to target 12 can be controlled in a feedback loop at supply 14. Further, oxygen partial pressure controller 20 can control either oxygen or argon partial pressures in plasma 53.

In some embodiments, transparent conductive oxides can be deposited on various substrates utilizing an inidium-tin (In/Sn) metallic target. A series of depositions on glass in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in Table I. The parameters in the process column of Table I are in the format (pulsed DC power/RF bias power/pulsing frequency/reverse time/deposition time/Ar flow (sccms)/O₂ flow (sccms)). An indium-tin (In/Sn: 90%/10% by weight) target using a reactive-pulsed DC (RPDC) process such as that described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/101,863 was utilized. A power supply with 2 MHz RF bias applied to substrate 16 was utilized in the process. Along with the process parameters for each of the separate depositions, each defined by a “Slot” number in the first column, the target voltage, and target current ranges for each of the depositions is also listed.

Table 2 shows the results obtained by using the process parameters in Table 1. The results include the sheet resistance, thickness, bulk resistivity, and refractive indices of the resulting films. Again, the first column indicates the slot number of the deposition. The process for each slot number is reiterated in column 2 of Table 2. The sheet resistance of selected ones of the films resulting from the deposition is listed in the third column and the uniformity of the sheet resistance is indicated in the fourth column. The thickness of the film and its uniformity of each of the films deposited by the indicated process is indicated in the fifth and sixth columns. The bulk resistance of selected ones of the films, ρ, is also indicated. Additionally, the refractive index taken at 632 nm is indicated along with the film uniformity of that index. The comments section of Table 2 indicates whether the resulting film is transparent, translucent, or metallic in character.

FIG. 3A shows the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) image of an ITO film produced by the process identified in slot #5 in tables 1 and 2. That process, with particularly low oxygen flow rates (24 sccm), produced a rough film with an Ra of about 70 Å and an Rms of about 90 Å. The film also appears to be metallic with this particular oxygen flow and the film roughness is high. Such a film could be applicable to large surface area requirements, for example solar cell applications. Wile not being limited by any particular theory, it is suspected that the roughness of this film reflects the sub-stoichiometric nature of the film caused by insufficient oxygen flow in the plasma. As can be seen in FIG. 3B, where the oxygen flow during deposition has been significantly increased to about 36 sccm, the film is smooth.

FIG. 3B shows an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) image of an ITO film deposited using the process described in slot #19 of Tables 1 and 2. In that process, the oxygen flow rate is increased to 36 sccm. The film appears to be transparent and conductive and the surface roughness is ˜6 Å Ra and Rms of about 13 Å, which is acceptable for OLED requirements. As can be seen from FIGS. 3A and 3B, variation in oxygen partial pressure (as indicated by increased flow rate) has a large influence on the characteristics of the resulting deposited film.

The resistivity of the film layer and the smoothness of the film layer can be related. In general, the higher the resistivity of the film layer, the smoother the film layer. FIG. 4 shows the variation of bulk resistivity of the ITO as a function of the oxygen flow rate used for two different target powers before and after a 250° C. anneal in vacuum. The bulk resistivity of the film exhibits a sudden transition downward as the oxygen flow rate is lowered. This transition occurs when the target surface becomes metallic from being poisoned with oxygen. The data utilized to form the graph shown in FIG. 4 has been taken from Tables 1 and 2.

FIG. 5 shows the variation of the sheet resistance of an ITO film as function of the O₂ flow used for two different target powers before and after a 250 C anneal in vacuum. As shown in FIG. 5, the sheet resistance follows similar trends as the bulk resistivity of the film.

FIG. 6 shows the target current and voltage (min and max) as a function of the oxygen flow rate. The target voltage increases as the oxygen flow rate is lowered. It could be seen here that at a 40 sccm oxygen flow rate through repeated depositions, the target voltage is not constant. This illustrates the utility of a target voltage feedback control system that adjusts the power supplied to target 12 to hold the target voltage constant. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 1A, PDC power 14 can include feedack loop to control the voltage on target 12.

FIG. 7 shows the thickness change of a resulting film as a function of oxygen flow rate in sccm. The thickness of the film increases as the oxygen flow decreases but this could make opaque metallic films and so choosing the correct oxygen flow and utilizing an oxygen flow feedback control system to control material characteristics such as, for example, transparency or conductivity can be desirable.

In some embodiments, instead of oxygen flow rate, oxygen partial pressure can be controlled with a feedback system 20 (see FIG. 1A). Controlling the oxygen partial pressure can provide better control over the oxygen content of the plasma, and therefore the oxygen content of the resulting films, and allows better control over the film characteristics. FIG. 8 illustrates the relationship between the flow rate and partial pressure. As can be seen from FIG. 8, in order to reach the saturated region (e.g., when target 12 is completely poisoned with oxygen), no increase in flow rate is required. In some embodiments, reactor 10 can include a partial pressure feedback loop controller 20 that controls the oxygen flow in order to maintain a desired partial pressure of oxygen in the plasma. Such a controller can be the IRESS system, that can be purchased from Advanced Energy, Inc., Ft. Collins, Colo. It has been found that film parameters such as resistivity, smoothness, and transparency can be highly dependent on oxygen partial pressures, and therefore these characteristics of the resulting deposited layer can be controlled by adjusting the oxygen partial pressures.

Some embodiments of the present invention can be deposited with ceramic targets. An example target is an ITO (In/Sn 90/10) ceramic target can be utilized. Table 3 illustrates some example processes for deposition of ITO utilizing a ceramic target according to the present invention. Bulk resistivity, sheet resistance, resistance, thicknesses, deposition rates, and index of refraction of the resulting films are shown along with the process parameters utilized in the deposition. FIG. 9A shows an AFM depiction of a transparent conductive oxide film corresponding to run #10 in Table 3. FIG. 9B shows an AFM depiction of a transparent conductive oxide film corresponding to run #14 in Table 3. FIG. 9C shows an AFM depiction of a transparent conductive oxide film corresponding to run #16 in Table 3. FIG. 9D shows an AFM depiction of a transparent conductive oxide film layer corresponding to run #6 in Table 3.

FIGS. 9A through 9D illustrate the roughnesses of selective depositions of ITO deposited utilizing the ceramic target. In FIG. 9A, the roughest surface shown, the film was deposited using 3 kW RF power, 100 W bias, 3 sccm O₂ and 60 sccm Ar at a temperature of 280° C. The layer grew to a thickness of 1200 Å in 100 seconds of deposition time and exhibited a sheet resistance of 51 ohms/sq. The roughness illustrated in FIG. 9A is characterized by an Ra=2.3 nm and R_(MS) of 21 nm.

The ITO film shown in FIG. 9B was deposited using 3 kW RF power, 300 W bias, 3 sccm O₂ and 60 sccm Ar at a temperature of 280° C. The layer illustrated in FIG. 9B grew to a thickness of 1199 Å in 100 sec. The layer in FIG. 9B exhibited a sheet resistance of 39 ohms/sq. The roughness illustrated in FIG. 9B is characterized by an Ra=1.1 nm and Rmax of 13 nm.

The ITO film shown in FIG. 9C was deposited using 3 kW RF power, 300 W bias, 3 sccm O₂, 30 sccm Ar at a temperature of 280° C. The layer grew to a thickness of 1227 Å in 100 seconds of deposition time and exhibited a sheet resistance of 57 ohms/sq. The roughness illustrated in FIG. 9C can be characterized by an Ra=0.88 nm and a Rmax of 19.8 nm.

FIG. 9D was deposited using 1.5 kW RF power, 300 W bias, 0 sccm O₂, 30 sccm Ar at a temperature of 280 C. The layer grew to a thickness of 580 Å in 100 seconds of deposition time and exhibited a sheet resistance of 106 ohms/sq. The roughness illustrated in FIG. 9C can be characterized by an Ra=0.45 nm and an Rmax of 4.6 nm.

Utilizing the example depositions described herein, the roughness and resistivity of a transparent oxide film can be tuned to particular applications. In general, particularly high resistivities can be obtained, which are useful for touch sensitive devices. As shown in Table 3, the sheet resistance ranged from about 39 Ω/sq for trial #14 to a high of 12,284 Ω/sq for trial #1. Careful variation of the process parameters, therefore, allow control of sheet resistance over an extremely broad range. Low resistivities can be obtained by adjusting the process parameters for uses in devices such as OLEDS and MEMS display devices. As is illustrated in Table 3, the bulk resistivity can be controlled to be between about 2E-4 micro-ohms-cm to about 0.1 micro-ohms-cm. Additionally, other parameters such as refractive index and transparency of the film can be controlled.

Further, deposition of transparent conductive oxide layers, for example ITO, can be doped with rare-earth ions, for example erbium or cerium, can be utilized to form color-conversion layers and light-emission sources. In some embodiments, a rare-earth doped target can be made in a single piece to insure uniformity of doping. Co-doping can be accomplished in the target.

Similar processes for other metallic conductive oxides can also be developed. For example, deposition of zinc oxide films. Further, as can be seen in the examples shown in Table 3, low temperature depositions can be performed. For example, transparent conductive oxides according to the present invention can be deposited at temperatures as low as about 100° C. Such low temperature depositions can be important for depositions on temperature sensitive materials such as plastics.

Other thin film layers according to the present invention include deposition of other metal oxides to form conducting and semi-conducting films. Thin films formed according to the present invention can be utilized in many devices, including, but not limited to, displays, photovoltaics, photosensors, touchscreens, and EMI shielding.

Embodiments of the invention disclosed here are examples only and are not intended to be limiting. Further, one skilled in the art will recognize variations in the embodiments of the invention described herein which are intended to be included within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. As such, the invention is limited only by the following claims.

TABLE I Target Target Voltage (V) Current (Amps) Slot # Process Min Max Mix Max 14 1.5 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/300 s/20Ar/80O₂ 244 252 5.94 6.14 15 1.5 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/300 s/20Ar/40O₂ 254 263 5.7 5.9 17 1.5 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/300 s/20Ar/40O₂ 252 260 5.76 5.96 19 1.5 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/300 s/20Ar/36O₂ 254 263 5.72 5.92 21 1.5 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/300 s/20Ar/30O₂ 255 268 5.76 5.9 1   1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/300 s/20Ar/80O₂ 224 233 4.32 4.5 2   1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/300 s/20Ar/36O₂ 231 243 4.12 4.3 3   1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/300 s/20Ar/32O₂ 232 242 4.12 4.28 4   1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/300 s/20Ar/28O₂ 237 243 4.1 4.22 5   1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/300 s/20Ar/24O₂ 233 243 4.1 4.34 6   1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/300 s/20Ar/28O₂ 231 245 4.12 4.3

TABLE II Rs (Ohms/ Bulk Rho Slot # Process Sq) Rs unif % Th (nm) Th std 1sig (μOhm-cm) R.I (@632 nm) R.I Unif (%) Comments 14 1.5 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/ 38.59 0.16 1.980758 0.000005 transparent 300 s/20Ar/80O2 15 1.5 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/ 94112 2 57.28 0.51 539073.5 1.951452 0.029342 translucent 300 s/20Ar/40O2 17 1.5 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/ 33927 60.282 58.48 1.37 198405.1 1.936166 0.040957 translucent 300 s/20Ar/40O2 19 1.5 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/ 7335.32 72.49 67.75 1.03 49696.8 1.980746 0.000018 translucent 300 s/20Ar/36O2 21 1.5 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/ 22.3507 2.995 80 178.8 metallic 300 s/20Ar/30O2 1 1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/ 26.69 0.32 1.980326 0.00096 transparent 300 s/20Ar/80O2 2 1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/ 36.4 0.13 1.980756 0.000003 transparent 300 s/20Ar/36O2 3 1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/ 39.3 0.15 1.980761 0 transparent 300 s/20Ar/32O2 4 1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/ 44.02 0.24 1.98076 0.000001 transparent 300 s/20Ar/28O2 5 1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/ 58.1031 7.467 50 290.5 metallic 300 s/20Ar/24O2 6 1 kw/100 w/200 khz/2.2 μs/ 58.0992 10.566 45 261.4 metallic 300 s/20Ar/28O2

TABLE III Target Run Power T Rs Rs (non- Bulk Rho Thickness DepRate Trial (sec) (kW) Bias/W O2 Ar (° C.) (Ohms/Sq) unif) (uOhmcm) (Å) n (A/sec) Target/V Target/I 14 100 3 300 3 60 280 38.69 4.07% 4.64E−04 1200 1.864 12 16 100 3 300 3 30 280 56.90 7.94% 6.98E−04 1227 1.888 12.27 288-308  9.86-10.42 10 100 3 100 3 60 280 50.98 11.89% 6.25E−04 1225 1.933 12.25 265-275 10.92-11.36 4 100 1.5 100 3 30 280 383.62 21.72% 2.09E−03 543.9 2.016 5.439 238-251 5.98-6.32 8 100 1.5 300 3 30 280 504.02 7.23% 2.44E−03 483.5 2.082 4.835 239-250 5.98-6.33 2 100 1.5 100 3 30 280 402.52 26.80% 2.10E−03 520.7 2.056 5.207 225-239 6.46-6.68 6 100 1.5 300 0 30 280 106.21 6.12% 6.17E−04 580.5 1.945 5.805 237-250 5.98-6.38 12 100 3 100 4 30 280 374.34 19.43% 4.18E−03 1116 1.917 11.16 285-300  9.98-10.52 15 100 3 300 4 30 100 6264.69 58.18% 6.81E−02 1087 1.897 10.87 282-304 10.00-10.62 7 100 1.5 200 4 30 100 7509.45 44.14% 2.95E−02 392.3 2.149 3.923 237-250 6.02-632 1 100 1.5 100 4 30 100 12284.82 112.55% 4.78E−02 389.1 2.236 3.891 238-250 6.04-632 11 100 3 100 3 60 100 631.77 49.40% 7.30E−03 1155 1.958 11.55 266-273 10.96-11.38 9 100 3 100 0 30 100 43.78 7.47% 5.55E−04 1268 1.945 12.68 288-307  9.78-10.42 5 100 1.5 200 3 60 100 1293.53 14.82% 5.88E−03 454.8 2.149 4.548 225-235 6.46-6.68 3 100 1.5 100 4 60 100 4154.43 28.25% 1.78E−02 428.8 2.211 4.288 226-235 6.44-6.64 13 100 3 200 0 60 100 49.05 7.24% 6.16E−04 1256 1.913 12.56 264-275 10.96-11.38 18 100 2.25 100 3 30 100 1476.79 21.54% 1.10E−02 744.5 2.044 7.445 263-277 8.08-8.56 17 100 1.5 150 0 60 100 157.23 8.83% 9.91E−04 630.5 1.931 6.305 225-231 6.48-6.74 19 100 2.25 150 3 60 100 526.72 13.01% 4.29E−03 814.2 2.021 8.142 247-255 8.78-9.14 

We claim:
 1. A method of forming a transparent conductive oxide film, comprising: depositing the transparent conductive oxide film in a pulsed DC reactive ion process with substrate bias; and controlling at least one process parameter to provide at least one characteristic of the conductive oxide film at a particular value.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein controlling at least one process parameter includes controlling the oxygen partial pressure.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the transparent conductive oxide film includes indiuim-tin oxide.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one characteristic includes sheet resistance.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one characteristic includes film roughness.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the transparent conductive oxide film includes an indium-tin oxide film and the film roughness is characterized by R_(a) less than about 10 nm with Rms of less than about 20 nm.
 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the bulk resistance can be varied between about 2×10⁻⁴ micro-ohms-cm to about 0.1 micro-ohms-cm.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one process parameter includes a power supplied to a target.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one process parameter includes an oxygen partial pressure.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one process parameter includes bias power.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one process parameter includes deposition temperature.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one process parameter includes an argon partial pressure.
 13. The method of claim 1, further including supplying a metallic target.
 14. The method of claim 1, further including supplying a ceramic target.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the transparent conductive oxide film is doped with at least one rare-earth ions.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one rare-earth ions includes erbium.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one rare-earth ions includes cerium.
 18. A method of depositing a transparent conductive oxide film on a substrate, comprising: placing the substrate in a reaction chamber; adjusting power to a pulsed DC power supply coupled to a target in the reaction chamber; adjusting an RF bias power coupled to the substrate; adjusting gas flow into the reaction chamber; and providing a magnetic field at the target in order to direct deposition of the transparent conductive oxide film on the substrate in a pulsed-dc biased reactive-ion deposition process, wherein the transparent conductive oxide film exhibits at least one particular property.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein at least one particular property of the transparent conductive oxide film is determined by parameters of the pulsed-dc biased reactive ion deposition process.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one particular property includes resistivity of the transparent conductive oxide film.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the transparent conductive oxide film includes an indium-tin oxide film.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the parameters include oxygen partial pressure.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the parameters include bias power.
 24. The method of claim 18, wherein the target can include at least one rare-earth ions.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the at least one rare-earth ions includes erbium.
 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the at least one rare-earth ion includes cerbium. 